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Seneca fell out of favour with Nero in 62. He withdrew from public life, and in his remaining years he wrote some of his best philosophical works. In 65 Seneca’s enemies denounced him as having been a party to a conspiracy to murder Nero, and he was ordered to commit suicide. Early life and familySeneca was the second son of a wealthy family. His father, (Seneca the Elder), had been famous in Rome as a teacher of.

His mother, Helvia, was of excellent character and education. His elder brother was Gallio, who met St. In in 52 ce, and his younger brother was the father of the poet.

An aunt took young Seneca as a boy to, and there he was trained as an orator and educated in in the school of the Sextii, which blended with an. Seneca’s health suffered, and he went to recuperate in Egypt, where his aunt lived with her husband, the prefect, Gaius Galerius.

Returning to Rome about the year 31, he began a career in politics and law. Soon he fell foul of the emperor, who was deterred from killing him only by the argument that his life was sure to be short.In 41 the emperor banished Seneca to Corsica on a charge of adultery with the princess Julia Livilla, the emperor’s niece. In that uncongenial he studied natural science and philosophy and wrote the three entitled Consolationes ( Consolations). The influence of, the emperor’s wife, had him recalled to Rome in 49. He became in 50, married Pompeia Paulina, a wealthy woman, built up a powerful group of friends, including the new of the guard, and became tutor to the future emperor.The murder of Claudius in 54 pushed Seneca and Burrus to the top.

Their friends held the great army commands on the German and Parthian frontiers. Aztec tribe rappers. Nero’s first public speech, drafted by Seneca, promised liberty for the and an end to the influence of freedmen and women. Agrippina, Nero’s mother, was resolved that her influence should continue, and there were other powerful enemies. But Seneca and Burrus, although provincials from and Gaul, understood the problems of the Roman world. They introduced fiscal and judicial reforms and fostered a more humane attitude toward slaves. Their nominee Corbulo defeated the Parthians; in Britain a more administration followed the quashing of Queen ’s rebellion. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.But, as the historian said, “Nothing in human affairs is more unstable and precarious than power unsupported by its own strength.” Seneca and Burrus were a tyrant’s favourites.

In 59 they had to condone—or to contrive—the murder of Agrippina. When Burrus died in 62, Seneca knew that he could not go on. He withdrew from public life, and in his remaining years he wrote some of his best philosophical works. In 65 Seneca’s enemies denounced him as having been a party to the of Piso to murder Nero. Ordered to commit, he met death with and composure. Philosophical works and tragediesThe Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii ( ) stands apart from the rest of Seneca’s surviving works.

A political skit, witty and unscrupulous, it has as its theme the deification—or “pumpkinification”—of the emperor. The rest divide into philosophical works and the tragedies. The former expound an version of middle Stoicism, adapted for the Roman market by of Rhodes (2nd century bce) and developed by his compatriot in the 1st century bce.

Poseidonius lies behind the books on natural science, Naturales quaestiones ( Natural Questions), where lofty generalities on the investigation of nature are offset by a exposition of the facts. Of the Consolationes, Ad Marciam ( To Marcia) consoles a lady on the loss of a son; Ad Helviam matrem ( To Mother Helvia), Seneca’s mother on his exile; and Ad Polybium ( To Polybius), a powerful freedman on the loss of a son but with a sycophantic plea for recall from Corsica. The De ira ( On Anger) deals at length with the passion, its consequences, and control. The De clementia ( ), an exhortatory address to Nero, commends mercy as the quality for a Roman emperor. De tranquillitate animi ( On Mental Tranquility), De constantia sapientis ( On the Steadfastness of the Wise Man), De vita beata ( On the Happy Life), and De otio ( On Leisure) consider various aspects of the life and qualities of the philosopher.

De beneficiis ( On Favours) is a diffuse treatment of benefits as seen by giver and recipient. De brevitate vitae ( On the Brevity of Life) demonstrates that the human span is long enough if time is properly employed—which it seldom is. Best written and most compelling are the Ad Lucilium epistulae morales ( ). Those 124 brilliant essays treat a range of problems not easily reduced to a single formula.Of the 10 “ ”, Octavia is certainly, and Hercules Oetaeus is probably, spurious. The others handle familiar Greek tragic themes, with some originality of detail.

Attempts to arrange them as a schematic treatment of Stoic “vices” seem too subtle. Intended for readings rather than public presentation, the pitch is a high monotone, emphasizing the lurid and the supernatural. There are impressive set speeches and choral passages, but the characters are static, and they rant. The principal representatives of classical known to the world, these plays had a great influence, notably in. ’s Titus Andronicus, ’s The Duchess of Malfi, and ’s Revengers Tragaedie, with their ghosts, witches, cruel tyrants, and dominant theme of, are the progeny of Seneca’s tragedies.

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